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What Is Lignite Used For

Written By Thursday, September 29, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Soft, brown, combustible, sedimentary rock

A lignite stockpile (above) and a lignite briquette

Lignite, oftentimes referred to as brown coal,[ane] is a soft, brownish, flammable, sedimentary rock formed from naturally compressed peat. It has a carbon content around 25–35%,[1] [2] and is considered the lowest rank of coal due to its relatively low heat content. When removed from the ground, information technology contains a very high amount of moisture which partially explains its depression carbon content. Lignite is mined all around the world and is used almost exclusively as a fuel for steam-electric power generation.

The combustion of lignite produces less estrus for the corporeality of carbon dioxide and sulfur released than other ranks of coal. Equally a result, environmental advocates have characterized lignite as the almost harmful coal to homo health.[three] Depending on the source, diverse toxic heavy metals, including naturally occurring radioactive materials may exist nowadays in lignite which are left over in the coal fly ash produced from its combustion, further increasing health risks.[iv]

Characteristics [edit]

Lignite is brownish-black in color and has a carbon content of threescore–70 per centum on a dry ash-gratuitous basis. However, its inherent wet content is sometimes as loftier as 75 percent[i] and its ash content ranges from 6–19 per centum, compared with 6–12 pct for bituminous coal.[5] As a result, its carbon content on the as-received footing (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral thing) is typically just 25-35 percent.[2]

The energy content of lignite ranges from 10 to 20 MJ/kg (9–17 million BTU per short ton) on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The energy content of lignite consumed in the United States averages 15 MJ/kg (13 million BTU/ton), on the as-received footing.[6] The energy content of lignite consumed in Victoria, Australia, averages viii.6 MJ/kg (8.2 million BTU/ton) on a net moisture basis.[seven]

Lignite has a high content of volatile matter which makes it easier to convert into gas and liquid petroleum products than higher-ranking coals. Unfortunately, its high moisture content and susceptibility to spontaneous combustion can cause issues in transportation and storage. Processes which remove water from dark-brown coal reduce the risk of spontaneous combustion to the same level as black coal, increase the calorific value of brownish coal to a anthracite coal equivalent fuel, and significantly reduce the emissions profile of 'densified' dark-brown coal to a level like to or ameliorate than most black coals.[8] However, removing the moisture increases the cost of the final lignite fuel.

Lignite rapidly degrades when exposed to air. This process is called slacking or slackening.[9]

Uses [edit]

Most lignite is used to generate electricity.[2] However, small-scale amounts are used in agronomics, in industry, and even, as jet, in jewelry. Its historical use as fuel for abode heating has continuously declined and is now of lower importance than its use to generate electricity.

As fuel [edit]

Lignite is often found in thick beds located near the surface, making it inexpensive to mine. However, because of its low energy density, tendency to crumble, and typically loftier moisture content, brown coal is inefficient to transport and is not traded extensively on the world market place compared with higher coal grades.[1] [7] It is often burned in ability stations near the mines, such equally in Australia's Latrobe Valley and Luminant'due south Monticello plant in Texas. Primarily considering of latent high moisture content and depression free energy density of brown coal, carbon dioxide emissions from traditional brown-coal-fired plants are more often than not much higher per megawatt-hr generated than for comparable black-coal plants, with the world's highest-emitting found beingness Australia's Hazelwood Power Station[10] until its closure in March 2017.[11] The operation of traditional brown-coal plants, particularly in combination with strip mining, is politically contentious due to ecology concerns.[12] [13]

The German Democratic Republic relied extensively on lignite to get energy self-sufficient, and eventually obtained 70% of its energy requirements from lignite.[14] Lignite was also an important chemical industry feedstock via Bergius process or Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in lieu of petroleum,[15] which had to be imported for hard currency following a change in policy by the Soviet Union in the 1970s, which had previously delivered petroleum at below market rates.[xvi] East German language scientists even converted lignite into coke suitable for metallurgical uses (high temperature lignite coke) and much of the railway network was dependent on lignite either through steam trains or electrified lines generally fed with lignite derived power.[16] As per the table beneath, E Germany was the largest producer of lignite for much of its existence as an independent country.

In 2014, about 12 percent of Germany's free energy and, specifically, 27 percent of Germany's electricity came from lignite ability plants,[17] while in 2014 in Greece, lignite provided virtually fifty percent of its power needs. Germany has appear plans to phase out lignite by 2038 at the latest.[xviii] [19] [xx] [21] Greece has confirmed that the last coal plant will exist shut in 2025 afterward receiving pressure from the European Marriage[22] and plans to heavily invest in renewable energy.[23]

Habitation heating [edit]

Lignite was and is used equally a replacement for or in combination with firewood for abode heating. It is usually pressed into briquettes for that use.[24] [25] Due to the olfactory property it gives off when burned, lignite was frequently seen as a fuel for poor people compared to higher value hard dress-down. In Germany briquettes are still readily available to stop consumers in home improvement stores like Obi, Bauhaus, or Hornbach simply besides at supermarkets like Rewe.[26] [27] [28] [29]

In agriculture [edit]

An environmentally beneficial use of lignite is in agriculture. Lignite may have value equally an environmentally benign soil amendment, improving cation substitution and phosphorus availability in soils while reducing availability of heavy metals,[thirty] [31] and may be superior to commercial K humates.[32] Lignite fly ash produced by combustion of lignite in power plants may also be valuable as a soil subpoena and fertilizer.[33] However, rigorous studies of the long-term benefits of lignite products in agriculture are lacking.[34]

Lignite may also exist used for the cultivation and distribution of biological control microbes that suppress plant pests. The carbon increases the organic matter in the soil while the biological control microbes provide an alternative to chemic pesticides.[35]

Leonardite is a soil conditioner rich in humic acids that is formed by natural oxidation of lignite near the surface of the Earth.[36]

In drilling mud [edit]

Reaction with quaternary amine forms a product chosen amine-treated lignite (ATL), which is used in drilling mud to reduce fluid loss during drilling.[37]

Every bit an industrial adsorbent [edit]

Lignite may have potential uses as an industrial adsorbent. Experiments show that its adsorption of methylene blue falls within the range of activated carbons currently used by industry.[38]

In jewelry [edit]

Jet is a course of lignite that has been used as a gemstone.[39] The earliest jet artifacts date to 10,000 BCE[40] and jet was used extensively in necklaces and other ornamentation in United kingdom from the Neolithic until the end of Roman Britain.[41] Jet experienced a brief revival in Victorian United kingdom.[42]

Geology [edit]

Partial molecular structure of a lignin-derived organic molecule in lignite

Lignite begins equally an accumulation of partially decayed plant cloth, or peat. Peat accumulates most readily in areas where in that location is aplenty moisture, tedious subsidence of the country surface, and lack of disturbance by rivers or oceans. Peat swamps are otherwise found in a wide diversity of climates and geographical settings. Under these conditions, the surface area remains saturated with water, which covers dead plant cloth and protects information technology from degradation past atmospheric oxygen. Anaerobic leaner may proceed to degrade the peat, just this process is slow, particularly in acid water. Once the peat is buried past other sediments, biological deposition essentially comes to a halt, and further changes are a result of increased temperature and pressure from burying.[43]

Lignite forms from peat that has not experienced deep burial and heating. It forms at temperatures below 100 °C (212 °F),[ane] primarily past biochemical degradation. This includes humification, in which microorganisms excerpt hydrocarbons from the peat and humic acids are formed. The humic acids brand the environment more acidic, which slows the rate of farther bacterial decay. Humification is all the same incomplete in lignite, coming to completion just when the coal reaches sub-bituminous rank.[44] The most characteristic chemical modify in the organic fabric during germination of lignite is the sharp reduction in the number of C=O and C-O-R functional groups.[45]

Lignite deposits are typically younger than higher-ranked coals, with the majority of them having formed during the Third period.[1]

[edit]

Lignite is frequently found in thick beds located nearly the surface.[1] [7] These are cheap to extract using various forms of surface mining, though this tin can result in serious environmental damage.[46] Regulations in the U.s.a. and other countries crave that state that is surface mined must be restored to its original productivity once mining is complete.[47]

Strip mining of lignite in the The states begins with drilling to establish the extent of the subsurface beds. Topsoil and subsoil must be properly removed and either used to reclaim previously mined-out areas or stored for future reclamation. Excavator and truck overburden removal prepares the area for dragline overburden removal to betrayal the lignite beds. These are broken upward using specially equipped tractors (coal ripping) and so loaded into bottom dump trucks using front loaders.[48]

In one case the lignite is removed, restoration involves grading the mine spoil to as close an approximation equally practical of the original ground surface (Guess Original Contour or AOC). Subsoil and topsoil are restored and the country reseeded with various grasses. In North Dakota, a performance bail is held against the mining company for at least x years afterward the end of mining operations to guarantee that the land has been restored to full productivity.[47] A bond (non necessary in this form) for mine reclamation is required in the US by the Surface Mining Command and Reclamation Act of 1977.[49]

Resource and Reserves [edit]

List of countries by lignite reserves [edit]

Top Ten Countries past lignite reserves (2020)[50]
Countries Lignite reserves (millions of tonnes)
Russia 90447
Australia 73865
Deutschland 35700
United States 29910
Turkey 19320[51]
Indonesia 14746
Prc 8250
Serbia 7112
New Zealand 6750
Poland 5752

Australia [edit]

The Latrobe Valley in Victoria, Australia, contains estimated reserves of some 65 billion tonnes of chocolate-brown coal.[52] The eolith is equivalent to 25 percent of known world reserves. The coal seams are up to 98 metres thick, with multiple coal seams often giving virtually continuous brown coal thickness of up to 230 metres. Seams are covered by very little overburden (10 to 20 metres).[52]

A partnership led past Kawasaki Heavy Industries and backed by the governments of Nippon and Commonwealth of australia has begun extracting hydrogen from dark-brown coal. The liquefied hydrogen will be shipped via the transporter Suiso Frontier to Japan.[53]

North America [edit]

The largest lignite deposits in Northward America are the Gulf Coast lignites and the Fort Spousal relationship lignite field. The Gulf Coast lignites are located in a band running from Texas to Alabama roughly parallel to the Gulf Coast. The Fort Union lignite field stretches from N Dakota to Saskatchewan. Both are important commercial sources of lignite.[9]

Types [edit]

Lignite tin can be separated into 2 types. The first is xyloid lignite or fossil wood and the second form is the meaty lignite or perfect lignite.

Although xyloid lignite may sometimes have the tenacity and the appearance of ordinary wood, it can be seen that the combustible woody tissue has experienced a great modification. It is reducible to a fine powder past trituration, and if submitted to the activeness of a weak solution of potash, information technology yields a considerable quantity of humic acid.[54] Leonardite is an oxidized form of lignite, which also contains high levels of humic acrid.[55]

Jet is a hardened, precious stone-similar form of lignite used in various types of jewelry.[39]

Production [edit]

Deutschland is the largest producer of lignite,[56] followed by China, Russia, and United States.[57] Lignite accounted for 8% of all U.S. coal product in 2019.[2]

Lignite mined in millions of tonnes
State or territory 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Eastward Germany 261 258.ane 280 [a]
Germany 108[b] 129.9[b] 107.6[b] 167.7 169 176.5 185.4 183 178.2 178.i
China – 24.three 45.5 47.7 125.3 136.3 145 147 145 140
Russia 145[c] 141[c] 137.three[c] 87.8 76.i 76.iv 77.nine 73 70 73.2
Kazakhstan [d] 2.six 7.iii 8.4 5.five 6.5 six.6 –
Uzbekistan two.5 3.4 3.viii 3.8 – – –
The states 5 42.viii 79.9 77.half dozen 71.0 73.half-dozen 71.6 70.ane 72.1 64.vii
Poland – 36.ix 67.six 59.v 56.5 62.8 64.3 66 63.9 63.one
Turkey – 14.v 44.4 60.9 70.0 72.5 68.one 57.5 62.6 50.4
Australia – 32.ix 46 67.3 68.8 66.vii 69.ane 59.9 58.0 63.0
Greece – 23.2 51.ix 63.9 56.5 58.seven 61.viii 54 48 46
Bharat – 5 xiv.1 24.2 37.vii 42.3 43.5 45 47.2 43.nine
Republic of indonesia – – – – 40.0 51.3 60.0 65.0 60.0 lx.0
Czechoslovakia 82 87 71 [east]
Czechia [f] 50.1 43.8 46.six 43.5 xl 38.3 38.3
Slovakia 3.seven ii.4 two.iv two.3 – – –
Yugoslavia – 33.7 64.i [grand]
Serbia [h] 35.five[i] 37.8 40.half dozen 38 40.1 29.7 37.iii
Kosovo [j] eight.7[k] nine[one thousand] eight.7[k] 8.2[1000] 7.2[k] viii.2[k]
North Macedonia seven.5 6.7 viii.2 7.5 – – –
Bosnia and herzegovina 3.4 11 vii.1 seven half-dozen.ii 6.2 6.five
Slovenia iii.seven 4 four.one 4 – – –
Montenegro [j] 1.9 2 2 – – –
Romania – 26.five 33.7 29 31.1 35.5 34.1 24.7 23.6 25.two
Bulgaria – 30 31.5 26.3 29.4 37.1 32.5 26.five 31.3 35.nine
Albania – 1.four 2.one xxx xiv 9 twenty – – –
Thailand – one.five 12.four 17.8 xviii.3 21.3 eighteen.three 18.ane 18 xv.2
Mongolia – 4.4 half dozen.6 5.1 8.v 8.three ix.ix – – –
Canada – vi ix.4 11.2 10.iii 9.vii nine.5 9.0 8.5 ten.5
Hungary – 22.6 17.3 14 9.1 9.6 ix.3 9.6 9.6 9.3
North Korea – 10 10.6 vii.ii 6.7 vi.eight 6.8 7 7 7
Source: World Coal Clan[58]· U.South. Energy Information Administration[59]· BGR bund.de Energiestudie 2016[60]· 1970 information from World Coal (1987)[61]

– no data available

  1. ^ East Deutschland became a part of Germany every bit a outcome of German reunification in 1990.
  2. ^ a b c Data prior to 2000 are for West Germany only.
  3. ^ a b c Data prior to 2000 correspond the Soviet Spousal relationship.
  4. ^ State was a function of the Soviet Union during this time.
  5. ^ Czechoslovakia dissolved in 1993.
  6. ^ State was a office of Czechoslovakia during this time.
  7. ^ Yugoslavia broke up in a procedure that concluded in 1992.
  8. ^ Country was a part of Yugoslavia during this fourth dimension.
  9. ^ 2000 data is for Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
  10. ^ a b Country was a part of Federal Democracy of Yugoslavia during this time.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Albanians unilaterally declared independence from Serbia, but the country information technology is non member of United nations and its status is heavily disputed.

Gallery [edit]

  • Open-pit United Schleenhain coal mine in Saxony, Germany

See as well [edit]

  • Rheinisches Braunkohlerevier
  • Coal assay
  • Dakota Gasification Company
  • Energy value of coal
  • Karrick process
  • Kemper Project
  • Orders of magnitude (specific energy)
  • Torrefaction
  • International Humic Substances Gild

References [edit]

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External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lignite.

  • "Coal and lignite domestic consumption". Global Energy Statistical Yearbook. 2016.
  • Geography in action – an Irish case study
  • Photograph of lignite
  • Coldry:Lignite Dewatering Process

What Is Lignite Used For,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignite

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